Chapter 2: Assimilation and Pluralism: From Immigrants to White Ethnics
Multiple Choice
1. ________ sees assimilation as benign and egalitarian, a process that emphasizes sharing and inclusion.
a. Anglo-conformity
b. Americanization *c. The melting pot
d. An ethnic enclave
e. The middleman minority Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Types of Assimilation; p. 49
Question Type: MC
2. When integration into the majority becomes substantial, the basis for ________ third stage of assimilation is established. *a. Gordon’s b. Park’s
c. Becker’s
d. Blauner’s
e. Noel’s
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Milton Gordon; p. 52
Question Type: MC
3. Which of the following theories argues that status attainment is a direct result of education, personal values, skills, and other individual characteristics and abilities? a. Social exchange theory *b. Human capital theory
c. Park’s assimilation theory
d. Gordon’s assimilation theory
e. None of the above Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Human Capital Theory; p. 53
Question Type: MC
4. According to the text, which traditions still have a significant influence on American culture and society?
a. Chinese American traditions
b. Mexican American traditions *c. Anglo-Saxon Protestant traditions d. African American traditions
e. Eastern European American traditions
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Types of Assimilation; p. 49
Question Type: MC
5. It was ________ that concluded that U.S. society in the 1960s actually incorporated not three but four melting pots, each of which were internally subdivided by social class. a. Park
b. Marx
c. Herberg *d. Gordon e. Blau
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Milton Gordon; p. 83
Question Type: MC
6. As late as 1920, 81% percent of employed ________ in the U.S. worked as domestics. a. Italian-born women
b. Eastern European–born Jewish women
c. German-born women
d. Norwegian-born women *e. Irish-born women
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Gender; p. 84
Question Type: MC
7. ________ work was the second most prevalent form of employment among Irish-born women as late as 1920. *a. Factory
b. Domestic
c. House
d. Office
e. Farming
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Gender; p. 84
Question Type: MC
8. From what group can a large percentage of immigrants between 1899 and 1924 be considered sojourners?
a. Eastern European Jewish immigrants
b. German immigrants
c. Norwegian immigrants *d. Italian immigrants e. Irish immigrants
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Sojourners; p. 86
Question Type: MC
9. The Pennsylvania Dutch, or the ________, a religious community, are also a culturally pluralistic group.
a. Hollanders
b. Brits
c. Mennonites
*d. Amish
e. None of the above Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Types of Pluralism; p. 55
Question Type: MC
10. Which of the following groups is considered a middleman minority?
a. Cuban Americans
b. Chinese Americans
c. Korean Americans
d. Indian Americans
*e. All of the above
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Types of Pluralism; p. 56
Question Type: MC
11. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, there was a notable increase in the visibility of and interest in white ethnic heritage, an upsurge often referred to as the ________. a. white supremacy movement *b. ethnic revival c. ethclass
d. ethnogenesis
e. none of the above
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Evolution of White Ethnicity; p. 90
Question Type: MC
12. The process of assimilation could be illustrated by . . .
a. Immigrants celebrating the holidays of their native country
b. The great-grandson of an immigrant changing his name back to the original spelling
c. A minority group member being expelled from high school because of fighting *d. An immigrant learning the language of her new country e. An immigrant refusing to speak English with her family
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Acculturation or Cultural Assimilation; p. 51
Question Type: MC
13. A politician states in a campaign speech, “It is inevitable that our group differences will disappear as we grow and mature as a society.” This statement echoes the thinking of ________.
*a. Robert Park
b. Milton Gordon
c. Andrew Greely
d. Robert Blauner
e. Karl Marx
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Robert Park; p. 51
Question Type: MC
14. Which of the following categories is considered a part of the primary sector of social structure? a. Businesses
b. Schools *c. Families
d. Bureaucracies
e. Labor unions
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Milton Gordon; p. 51
Question Type: MC
15. When ________ assimilation occurs, two or more groups come to share common attitudes, values, and lifestyles.
*a. cultural
b. structural
c. generational
d. fluid competitive
e. intergenerational
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Milton Gordon; p. 52
Question Type: MC
16. In Milton Gordon’s theory of assimilation, the most crucial step toward assimilation is from ________.
a. integration to acculturation *b. acculturation to integration c. assimilation to pluralism
d. Anglo-conformity to the melting pot
e. integration to intermarriage
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Milton Gordon; p. 53
Question Type: MC
17. Kennedy studied multicultural intermarriage and described a phenomenon she called a triple melting pot, referring to the multicultural intermarriage within three separate groups: ________. a. African Americans, European Americans, and Jews
b. Native Americans, Hispanics, and African Americans
c. Jews, Muslims, and Buddhists *d. Protestants, Catholics, and Jews e. Mormons, Jews, and Catholics Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Religion; p. 83
Question Type: MC
18. Which intermarriage best illustrates Kennedy’s concept of the triple melting pot?
a. Marriage between an Irish Catholic woman and a Russian Jewish man
b. An interracial marriage between an African American man and a European American woman
c. Marriage between an Irish Catholic man and an Irish Protestant woman
d. Marriage between a Native American woman and a French Protestant man
*e. Marriage between a Polish Jewish man and a Russian Jewish woman
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Religion; p. 83
Question Type: MC
19. An increase of interest in pluralism has recently been stimulated by the apparent failure of ________ to occur in U.S. society. a. Anglo-conformity
b. ethnogenesis
c. equality *d. assimilation
e. the triple melting pot
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Pluralism; pp. 54–55
Question Type: MC
20. The concept of multiculturalism includes which of the following?
*a. The idea of mutual respect for all groups and heritages
b. The ultimate goal that we will all be one nationality: Americans
c. The intermarriage of Protestants, Catholics, and Jews
d. Segregation from people who are racially inferior to you
e. Being tolerant toward people who are less accomplished than you
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Pluralism; p. 55
Question Type: MC
21. A third type of pluralism that reversed Gordon’s first two stages was ________.
a. acculturation without pluralism
b. acculturation without separatism *c. integration without acculturation d. integration without equality
e. separatism without integration
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Types of Pluralism; p. 56
Question Type: MC
22. Which of the following best illustrates an enclave minority?
*a. Chinatown, located in San Francisco
b. A Native American reservation in South Dakota
c. Isolated ethnic stores in a run-down urban area
d. An Amish community in rural Ohio
e. A commune in a college town
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Types of Pluralism; p. 56
Question Type: MC
23. One of the first to support pluralism, newspaper editor ________ argued in The Nation in 1915 that the existence of separate ethnic groups—even with separate cultures, religions, and languages—could be quite consistent with a democratic political system. a. Robert Park
b. Milton Gordon *c. Horace Kallen
d. Stephen Steinberg
e. Karl Marx
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Types of Pluralism; p. 54
Question Type: MC
24. When integration into the primary sector becomes substantial, the basis for Gordon’s ________ stage of assimilation is established a. first
b. second
c. fourth *d. third e. fifth
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Intermarriage or Marital Assimilation; p. 52
Question Type: MC
25. ________ pluralism exists when groups practice a common culture but do so with minimal interaction across group boundaries. a. Segmented
b. Cultural *c. Structural
d. Multicultural
e. Enclave
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Intermarriage or Marital Assimilation; p. 56
Question Type: MC
26. ________ immigrant groups who were ethnically similar to the dominant group generally experienced a lower degree of ethnocentric rejection. a. Southern European
b. Eastern European
c. Italian
*d. Northern and Western European e. Southern and Eastern European
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Northern and Western Protestant Europeans; p. 64
Question Type: MC
27. Movement from acculturation to integration was smoother for immigrants from ________ when compared to other groups.
*a. Norway, the Netherlands, and England b. Poland, Russia, and the Ukraine
c. Bulgaria and Hungary
d. Italy
e. Greece
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Assimilation Patterns; p. 67
Question Type: MC
28. Which of the following is the most important factor of success according to the status attainment theory?
a. Coming from a wealthy family
b. Working hard
*c. Getting a good education d. Superior intellect
e. Religious beliefs that are consistent with American values
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Human Capital Theory; p. 53
Question Type: MC
29. Which of the following are the key components of ethclass?
a. Gender and class
b. Gender and race *c. Class and ethnicity d. Class and race
e. Ethnicity and gender Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Human Capital Theory; p. 83
Question Type: MC
30. The single largest ancestry group in the United States is ________.
a. Irish American
*b. German American c. Italian American
d. Mexican American
e. French American Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Geographic Distribution; p. 87
Question Type: MC
31. Based on data from the 1990 census, about ________ of all married whites have spouses whose ethnic backgrounds do not match their own. a. 10% *b. 56% c. 100%
d. 26%
e. 32%
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Integration and Equality; p. 88
Question Type: MC
32. The metaphor of the melting pot refers to the process of ________. *a. assimilation b. segregation
c. accreditation
d. secession
e. pluralism
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Assimilation; p. 49
Question Type: MC
33. ________ encompasses all aspects of the way of life associated with a group of people. a. Structure
b. Acceptance
c. Social stratification
*d. Culture
e. Amalgamation
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Milton Gordon; p. 51
Question Type: MC
34. A(n) ________ includes networks of social relationships, groups, organizations, stratification systems, communities, and families. *a. social structure b. pluralistic state
c. acculturation system
d. culture
e. democracy
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Milton Gordon; p. 51
Question Type: MC
35. Henry Kissinger, the 56th American secretary of state, was born Heinz Alfred Kissinger to a family of German Jews. His use of the American name Henry reflects ________. *a. cultural assimilation b. cultural pluralism
c. structural assimilation
d. cultural rejection
e. marital assimilation
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Acculturation or Cultural Assimilation; p. 51
Question Type: MC
36. Which groups commonly experience what Gordon called acculturation without integration? a. Racial majority groups *b. Racial minority groups c. European immigrants
d. All groups
e. Secessionist groups
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Intermarriage or Marital Assimilation; p. 52
Question Type: MC
37. According to Hansen, second-generation immigrants tended to raise their children in ________ settings.
a. ethnic
b. ethnic revival
*c. nonethnic
d. multiethnicity
e. diverse ethnicity
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Evolution of White Ethnicity; p. 89
Question Type: MC
38. Over the last century, American sociologists have been very concerned with assimilation as a result of . . .
a. The aftermath of slavery
b. Their attempts to emulate European sociologists who study assimilation
c. Funding sources that promote its study
d. Requests from United States government agencies
*e. The massive population movement from Europe to the United States that occurred between the 1820s and the 1920s
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Assimilation; p. 48
Question Type: MC
39. According to the human capital theory, the reason(s) for upward mobility and assimilation is/are ________.
a. Americanization
b. our society is equally open and fair to all groups
c. being born into a privileged status
d. more people purchasing new technology
*e. education and training
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Human Capital Theory; p. 53
Question Type: MC
40. The economic success of enclave and middleman minorities is partly due to ________. *a. strong ties of cooperation b. weak cultural bonds
c. assimilation
d. Americanization
e. acculturation
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Types of Pluralism; p. 56
Question Type: MC
True/False
41. Structural pluralism exists when groups have not acculturated, and each maintains its own identity. a. True *b. False
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Structural Pluralism; pp. 55–56
Question Type: TF
42. The experiences of female immigrants have been well documented and reflect those of their male counterparts. a. True *b. False
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Gender; p. 84
Question Type: T/F
43. Assimilation is the process in which formerly distinct and separate groups come to share a common culture and merge together socially. *a. True b. False
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Gender; p. 48
Question Type: T/F
44. The United States is the epitome of a melting pot, where people of different cultures come together to create a unique society. a. True *b. False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Types of Assimilation; p. 49
Question Type: T/F
45. Assimilation in the United States has generally been a coercive and one-sided process described as Anglo-conformity. *a. True b. False
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Types of Assimilation; p. 49
Question Type: T/F
46. According to human capital theory, people or groups who fail to achieve upward mobility have not made the right kinds of educational investments. *a. True b. False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Human Capital Theory; p. 53
Question Type: T/F
47. Robert Park focused primarily on ethnic diversity in describing pluralism. a. True *b. False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Robert Park; p. 50
Question Type: T/F
48. During acculturation, members of a minority group who immigrate to the U.S. might adopt the English language, change their eating habits, acquire new value systems, or change their names. *a. True b. False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Acculturation or Cultural Assimilation; p. 51
Question Type: T/F
49. According to Milton Gordon, marital assimilation is evidence of the completion of assimilation. *a. True b. False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Intermarriage or Marital Assimilation; p. 52
Question Type: T/F
50. The human capital theory assumes that a person’s investment in machinery or new technology is the determining factor of one’s status attainment in society. a. True *b. False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Human Capital Theory; p. 53
Question Type: T/F
51. Although European Americans did not completely intermarry, there is evidence of patterns of a triple melting pot, with intermarriage occurring within various groups of Protestants, Catholics, and Jews. *a. True b. False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Religion; p. 83
Question Type: T/F
52. Gordon recognized that in addition to intermarriage within religions, social class and race have also intersected, forming what he called ethclass. *a. True b. False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Social Class; p. 83
Question Type: T/F
53. Structural pluralism exists when groups have not acculturated, and each maintains its own identity. a. True *b. False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Types of Pluralism; p. 56
Question Type: T/F
54. According to Gordon, integration without acculturation is demonstrated by a group when it has had some material success but has not adopted uniquely American values and norms and/or learned fluent English. *a. True b. False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Types of Pluralism; p. 56
Question Type: T/F
55. The goal of separatism is for the group to sever all ties with the larger society. *a. True b. False
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Other Group Relationships; p. 59
Question Type: T/F
56. Assimilation is often couched in the language of multiculturalism, a term for a variety of programs and ideas that stress mutual respect for all groups and for the multiple heritages that have shaped the United States. a. True *b. False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Pluralism; p. 55
Question Type: T/F
57. An example of cultural assimilation or acculturation would be an immigrant from India changing his or her eating habits from Indian to American foods, such as hamburgers and french fries instead of curry and rice. *a. True b. False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Acculturation or Cultural Assimilation; p. 51
Question Type: T/F
58. Sojourners are immigrants who are committed to Americanization. a. True *b. False
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Sojourners; p. 86
Question Type: T/F
59. Human capital theory is inconsistent with American values. a. True *b. False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Human Capital Theory; p. 53
Question Type: T/F
60. In a typical immigrant chain, European immigrant women would come to America, earn money, and establish themselves. Then, they would send for others from their villages to join them. a. True *b. False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Chains of Immigration; p. 71
Question Type: T/F
61. Chain immigration, although modified by modern technology, continues to work today.
*a. True
b. False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Chains of Immigration; p. 71
Question Type: T/F
62. In general, immigrant females outnumbered males, as women had better luck in getting factory, teaching, and domestic jobs. a. True *b. False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Gender; p. 84
Question Type: T/F
63. Ethnic succession can be observed in the institution of sports. Sports have been appealing to young men in minority groups that have few other resources or opportunities. *a. True b. False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Other Pathways; p. 77
Question Type: T/F
64. It was a coincidence that European immigration, American industrialization, and the rise to global prominence occurred simultaneously. a. True *b. False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: From Immigration to White Ethnics; p. 62
Question Type: T/F
65. After a century, many descendants of immigrants from Europe migrated far from where their ancestors settled in the United States. a. True *b. False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Geographic Distribution; p. 87
Question Type: T/F
66. The phenomenon known as the triple melting pot refers to a pattern of structural assimilation within three religions. *a. True b. False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Religion; p. 83
Question Type: T/F
67. Pluralism exists when diverse groups coexist while maintaining separate identities.
*a. True b. False
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Pluralism; p. 48
Question Type: T/F
68. Racial minority groups have been largely excluded from the melting-pot model of assimilation. *a. True b. False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Types of Assimilation; p. 49
Question Type: T/F
69. Assimilation is a one-way process, and group members only become more assimilated over time. a. True *b. False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Types of Assimilation; p. 53
Question Type: T/F
70. Culture organizes the work of a society and connects individuals to one another and to the larger society. a. True *b. False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Milton Gordon; p. 51
Question Type: T/F
71. The visibility of cultural pluralism among racial minority groups has helped make it more acceptable for European Americans to express their own ethnicity and heritage. *a. True b. False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Evolution of White Ethnicity; p. 90
Question Type: T/F
Question Type: Essay
72. Compare and contrast assimilation and pluralism. How are they alike and different? What forms can assimilation take? What forms can pluralism take?
*a. Varies
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Main Points; pp. 96–97
Question Type: ESS
73. Briefly summarize Gordon’s theory of assimilation. Identify each of his first three major stages, and explain the relationships among them. Be sure to distinguish between primary and secondary structural integration. a. Varies
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Milton Gordon; pp. 51–53
Question Type: ESS
74. Compare and contrast each of the three types of pluralism cited in the text: cultural, structural, and integration without acculturation. a. Varies
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location; Pluralism; pp. 54–56
Question Type: SA
75. Compare and contrast middleman and enclave minority groups. Provide examples of each. a. Varies
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location; Pluralism; p. 56
Question Type: SA
76. Explain how religion, social class, and gender shaped the patterns of European immigration in the late 1800s and early 1900s. a. Varies
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Varies
Question Type: ESS
77. Explain what the following statement refers to: “For better or worse, the white Anglo-Saxon
Protestant tradition was for two centuries—and in crucial respects still is—the dominant influence on American culture and society” (Schlesinger, 1992, p. 28). What are some examples that support this assertion?
*a. Varies
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Types of Assimilation; p. 49
Question Type: SA
78. In what ways are human capital theory and traditional American culture and values consistent? What are some potential limitations of such overlap? a. Varies
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Human Capital Theory; pp. 53–54
Question Type: ESS
79. What does Hansen mean when saying, “What the second generation tries to forget, the third generation tries to remember”? Explain what Gallagher means by his proposed addendum to this principle that says, “What the grandson wished to remember, the great-granddaughter has never been told.”
a. Varies
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Evolution of White Ethnicity; pp. 89–91
Question Type: ESS
80. Compare and contrast the theoretical perspectives presented in the text to discuss the projected future of ethnic and minority group relations in America. a. Varies
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Varies
Question Type: ESS
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